| 26 Original Language Parallels between Hebrews and Pauline Epistles | Hebrews ref. | Pauline parallels | Match type | Notes |
| ὁ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται;Heb 10:38;”Rom 1:17; Gal 3:11″;Exact citation/phrase | Heb 10:38 | Rom 1:17; Gal 3:11 | Exact citation/phrase | Both Paul and Hebrews quote Hab 2:4 (LXX) with slight textual variation. |
| ὁ θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης;Heb 13:20;”Rom 15:33; 16:20; 2 Cor 13:11; Phil 4:9; 1 Thess 5:23; 2 Thess 3:16″;Exact titular formula; | Heb 13:20 | Rom 15:33; 16:20; 2 Cor 13:11; Phil 4:9; 1 Thess 5:23; 2 Thess 3:16 | Exact titular formula | Common Pauline benediction title; also in 2 Thess (often treated as Deutero-Pauline). |
| καινὴ διαθήκη / διαθήκης νέας;”Heb 8:8 | Heb 8:8, 8:13; 9:15; 12:24 | 1 Cor 11:25; 2 Cor 3:6, 3:14 | Exact lexical collocation | Paul and Hebrews both stress the ‘new covenant’ terminology. |
| αἷμα (τῆς) διαθήκης;”Heb 10:29; 13:20″;”1 Cor 11:25; cf. 1 Cor 10:16″;Close phrase (same lexemes); | Heb 10:29; 13:20 | 1 Cor 11:25; cf. 1 Cor 10:16 | Close phrase (same lexemes) | Word order varies; core collocation shared. |
| ἱλαστήριον;Heb 9:5;Rom 3:25;Exact lemma (different referent); | Heb 9:5 | Rom 3:25 | Exact lemma (different referent) | In Hebrews = mercy seat; in Paul = propitiatory/expiatory sense. |
| μεσίτης;”Heb 8:6; 9:15; 12:24″;”Gal 3:19–20; (1 Tim 2:5)”;Exact lemma;” Galatians undisputed; 1 Timothy disputed but widely known.” | Heb 8:6; 9:15; 12:24 | Gal 3:19-20; (1 Tim 2:5) | Exact lemma | Galatians undisputed; 1 Timothy disputed but widely known. |
| ἐντυγχάνειν (ὑπέρ τινος);Heb 7:25;Rom 8:27 | Heb 7:25 | Rom 8:27, 8:34 | Exact lemma and construction | Intercessory verb used for Christ/Spirit in both corpora. |
| θεὸς ζῶν;”Heb 3:12; 9:14; 10:31; 12:22″;”2 Cor 6:16; 1 Thess 1:9″;Exact phrase;”Stock biblical title; appears identically.” | Heb 3:12; 9:14; 10:31; 12:22 | 2 Cor 6:16; 1 Thess 1:9 | Exact phrase | Stock biblical title; appears identically. |
| σκληρύνειν τὴν καρδίαν;”Heb 3:8 | Heb 3:8, 3:15; 4:7 | Rom 9:18 | Shared lemma / close concept | Direct phrase in Hebrews; Paul uses verb without ‘heart’ object in the cited context. |
| παρρησίαν ἔχομεν;”Heb 10:19; cf. 4:16 (μετὰ παρρησίας)”;”Eph 3:12; 2 Cor 3:12 (παρρησία)”;”Exact with Eph; shared vocabulary with 2 Cor”;”Ephesians commonly treated as Deutero-Pauline; 2 Cor uses the noun without ‘ἔχομεν’.” | Heb 10:19; cf. 4:16 | Eph 3:12; 2 Cor 3:12 | Exact with Eph; shared vocabulary with 2 Cor | Ephesians commonly treated as Deutero-Pauline; 2 Cor uses the noun |
| μιμηταί;”Heb 6:12; 13:7 (μιμεῖσθε)”;”1 Cor 4:16; 11:1; 1 Thess 1:6; 2:14″;Exact lemma;Imitation language prominent in both. | Heb 6:12; 13:7 | 1 Cor 4:16; 11:1; 1 Thess 1:6; 2:14 | Exact lemma | Imitation language prominent in both. |
| συνείδησις (καθαρά/ἀγαθή);”Heb 9:9 | Heb 9:9, 9:14; 10:22; 13:18 | Rom 2:15; 9:1; 1 Cor 8-10; 2 Cor 1:12 | Shared lemma; close phrase | Exact occurs in 2 Tim 1:3 (disputed). |
| ἐν σαρκί;Heb 5:7;”Rom 7:5; 8:8–9; Gal 2:20″;Exact prepositional phrase;”Common Pauline idiom; Hebrews uses in reference to Jesus’ earthly life.” | Heb 5:7 | Rom 7:5; 8:8-9; Gal 2:20 | Exact prepositional phrase | Common Pauline idiom; Hebrews uses in reference to Jesus’ earthly life. |
| ἔχομεν ἐλπίδα / ἐλπὶς ἀσφαλής;Heb 6:18–19;”Rom 5:2–5; 8:24; 1 Thess 1:3″;Shared collocation;”Hope as possession; imagery differs (anchor in Heb).” | Heb 6:18-19 | Rom 5:2-5; 8:24; 1 Thess 1:3 | Shared collocation | Hope as possession; imagery differs (anchor in Heb). |
| φιλαδελφία;Heb 13:1;Rom 12:10;Exact lemma;Brotherly love term occurs in both. | Heb 13:1 | Rom 12:10 | Exact lemma | Brotherly love term occurs in both. |
| ἔργον ἀγαθόν / ἔργα ἀγαθά;Heb 13:21;”Phil 1:6; 2 Cor 9:8″;Shared collocation;Paul uses both singular and plural with similar sense. | Heb 13:21 | Phil 1:6; 2 Cor 9:8 | Shared collocation | Paul uses both singular and plural with similar sense. |
| καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης;Heb 12:11 (καρπὸν εἰρηνικὸν δικαιοσύνης);”Phil 1:11; 2 Cor 9:10″;Close phrase (adds ‘εἰρηνικός’ in Heb);”Same core collocation; Hebrews adds an epithet.” | Heb 12:11 | Phil 1:11; 2 Cor 9:10 | Close phrase | Same core collocation; Hebrews adds an epithet. |
| σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ;Heb 2:16;”Rom 4:13–18; Gal 3:16 | Heb 2:16 | Rom 4:13-18; Gal 3:16, 3:29 | Exact phrase | Shared Abraham/seed vocabulary. |
| κληρονομία / κληρονόμοι;”Heb 1:14; 6:12 | Heb 1:14; 6:12, 6:17; 9:15 | Rom 4:13-14; 8:17; Gal 3:18, 3:29 | Shared lemma | Inheritance motif common to both. |
| κλῆσις (ἐπουράνιος);Heb 3:1;”Phil 3:14 (ἄνω κλῆσις); 1 Cor 1:26; Eph 1:18; 4:1 | Heb 3:1 | Phil 3:14 1 Cor 1:26; Eph 1:18; 4:1,4 | Close phrase (same lemma) | Pauline both heavenly-calling idiom. |
| θυσία / σῶμα;Heb 10:5–10;Rom 12:1; Shared conceptual phraseology; Offering/sacrifice language applied to ‘body’ appears in both (different contexts). | Heb 10:5-10 | Rom 12:1 | Shared conceptual phraseology | Offering/sacrifice language applied to ‘body’ appears in both (different contexts). |
| εὐαρεστεῖν τῷ θεῷ;”Heb 11:5–6; 13:16″;”Rom 12:1–2; 1 Thess 4:1″;Shared collocation;” Pleasing God via faith/obedience; same verb-object pairing.” | Heb 11:5-6; 13:16 | Rom 12:1-2; 1 Thess 4:1 | Shared collocation | Pleasing God via faith/obedience; same verb-object pairing. |
| πίστις καὶ μακροθυμία;Heb 6:12;”Rom 2:4; Gal 5:22; Col 1:11″;Shared pairing;”Fruit/virtue pairing; Colossians Deutero-Pauline for many scholars.” | Heb 6:12 | Rom 2:4; Gal 5:22; Col 1:11 | Shared pairing | Fruit/virtue pairing; Colossians Deutero-Pauline for many scholars. |
| ὁμολογία (τῆς ἐλπίδος/πίστεως);”Heb 4:14; 10:23″;”Rom 10:9–10; 2 Cor 9:13; 1 Tim 6:12″;”Shared lemma; close phrase”;”Public confession theme; exact noun occurs in 2 Cor 9:13.” | Heb 4:14; 10:23 | Rom 10:9-10; 2 Cor 9:13; 1 Tim 6:12 | Shared lemma; close phrase | Public confession theme; exact noun occurs in 2 Cor 9:13. |
| ἅπαξ “Heb 9:26–28; 10:10″;”Rom 6:10; Phil 4:16”; Shared adverb with theological weight; “Once-for-all motif; Paul uses both theological and idiomatic senses.” | Heb 9:26-28; 10:10 | Rom 6:10; Phil 4:16 | Shared adverb with theological weight | Once-for-all motif; Paul uses both theological and idiomatic senses. |
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